How does the operating system manage input/output devices?

The operating system manages input/output devices primarily using device management functions, which enable it to communicate with and control hardware resources effectively. Device management is essential for facilitating the interaction between software applications and hardware devices, ensuring that data can be sent to and received from peripherals correctly.

These functions involve several key tasks. First, the operating system maintains a system of device drivers, which are specialized programs tailored for each type of hardware. This ensures that the operating system can transmit commands to the hardware and receive data back in a standardized manner. Additionally, the OS is responsible for queuing requests, scheduling input/output operations, and handling interrupts generated by devices, which can signal the OS to take action on data availability.

The other options do not capture the comprehensive nature of how operating systems handle input/output devices. While user interface controls can allow users to interact with devices, they do not encompass the underlying management and coordination required. Peripheral configuration settings might assist in setting parameters for devices but do not describe the dynamic management of resources. Limiting user access to devices does not pertain to the actual management of the devices themselves; instead, it focuses more on security and permissions rather than operational functionality.